2014八年级英语上册字词复习（冀教版）

详细内容

E， GET， E.29
3.2.1 bee 和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化。29
3.2.2 grow 主要表示逐渐变化，强调变化的过程。例：29
3.2.3 go 和e.前者主要指一种由强到弱或由好到坏的变化，后者则主要指向好的方面变化。例：30
3.2.4 go, turn.30
3.3 表示感觉的系动词：LOOK， SOUND ，TASTE， SMELL， FEEL.30
3.4 表示不确定判断的系动词 APPEAR， SEEM.30
3.5 表状态延续的系动词：KEEP，STAY，REMAIN.30
4 语法专题-不定式31
4.1 概念31
4.2 用法31
4.2.1 不带to的情况31
4.2.2 充当主语31
4.2.3 充当宾语31
4.2.4 充当定语32
4.2.5 充当状语32
4.2.6 充当补(表)语32
5 语法专题-从句33
5.1 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句33
5.2 定语从句33
5.3 状语从句33
5.4 时态的一致33
6 人体动作类单词35
6.1 说 SPEAK TALK TELL SAY35
6.2 看 WATCH LOOK SEE READ35
6.3 听 LISTEN HEAR35
6.4 问 ASK35
6.5 FEAR37
6.6 LIKE LOVE37
6.7 ALONE；LONELY37
7 词语辨析38
7.1 SOMETIMES; SOMETIME; SOME TIMES, SOMETIME.38
7.2 SOMEDAY（将来某天）,ONE DAY（之前某天）,THE OTHER DAY(前几天)38
7.3 IN THE FUTURE；IN FUTURE.38
7.4 穿 DRESS(VT，动态，宾语为人)；PUT ON(VT，动态，宾语为衣服)；WEAR（VT,穿着，静态，VT）；IN（PREP, 静态，穿着）38
7.5 SPEND（钱，时间）;PAY（钱）;TAKE（时间）;COST（钱）。38
7.6 HOPE; WISH38
7.7 BEFORE, AGO39
7.8 BRING(取来)，TAKE（带走）,GET；FETCH（去取来）,CARRY（携带）。39
7.9 HOWEVER,BUT.39
7.10 FINALLY; AT LAST; IN THE END39
7.11 FIX MEND REPAIR. MEND 修补；FIX=REPAIR。REPAIR大件东西39
7.12 POST；MAIL；SEND邮寄39
7.13 GET；ARRIVE；MEET.39
7.14 WISE；CLEVER；BRIGHT.39
7.15 出行方式 TAKE BY ON IN40
8 重要的副词辨析1
8.1 比较级前的修饰语（副词词性）1
8.2 ALMOST,NEARLY几乎1
8.3 WHOLE;ALL 全部的、整个。1
8.4 频度副词ALL THE TIME，ALWAYS；USUALLY ;OFTEN；SOMETIMES；NEVER .1
9 英语常用语2
9.1 不客气2
9.1.1 You are wele2
9.1.2 It’s my pleasure.2
9.1.3 That’s all right.2
9.1.4 Not at all.2
9.1.5 That’s ok.2

1 说明
这个小册子是为了帮助我家小孩期末复习而整理的，水平有限，错误不足必然存在，请大家多批评指正。我的邮箱：sunjr@163.。谢谢！
第一编单元视角
1 八上Unit1
1.1.1 Play 体育运动/he 乐器
1.1.2 Encourage sb to do sth
1.1.3 Discuss sth with sb
1.1.4 Feel lucky to
1.1.5 Starting doing sth
1.1.6 I have the pleasure of
1.1.7 Invite sb to do sth
2 八上Unit2
2.1.1 Good
Good at 擅长；good for sb对sb有好处；good to b 对sb有善意；good with sth善于应对sth。
2.1.2 Make
a)Make sb do sth。某人做某事。He made me wait for 2 hours.
b) Make sb；sth +n。让某人；物成为。We make Tim our leader.
c)Make sb；sth+adj。让某人；物在某种状态。Do not make our room dirty.
d)Make friends with sb 和某人交朋友。
e)制造。Take a kite for me。
2.1.3 Besides 除了什么之外，还有；except整体中排除一部分之后剩余的部分
2.1.4 See sb do sth；doing sth
2.1.5 Help sb with sth；help sb with sth
2.1.6 Have to 客观上的必须，有事态变化;must 主观上的必须，无时态变化。
2.1.7 Seem
2.1.8 Work on project
2.1.9 Shout at 怒喊；shout to sb向sb大喊以提醒。
2.1.10 How long 延续的时间;how often 发生的频率；how many times 多少次；how soon多久
2.1.11 Have been in已经在某地一段时间了。Have been to 去某地，已经回来了.have gone to去某地，还没回来。
2.1.12 Remind sb of sth；remind that
3 八上UNIT 3
3.1.1 Like to do/doing
3.1.2 Let’s 包含听话人；let us，不含听话人。
3.1.3 Think
Think of 提出、想起。
Think about考虑；回想起；认为。
We are thinking about having a meeting. 我们正在考虑开会。
I think about my college life. 我会想起大学生活。
What do you think (think of) about the film? 您怎么看这部电影？
3.1.4 Pass sb. sth.
3.1.5 Take a deep breath
3.1.6 Blew out
4 八上UNIT 4
4.1.1 plete adj. 完整的；VT 完成；finish VT 完成。
4.1.2 Show sb sth
4.1.3 On one’s way to
4.1.4 Point at侧重指向的对象；to 侧重方向
4.1.5 Prefer
would prefer宁愿；更喜欢
prefer to do宁可做某事；更喜欢做某事
prefer doing喜欢做某事
4.1.6 Across from。对面。She sat across from me.她坐在我的对面。
4.1.7 Cross（VT）；across(prep)
Go across the bridge，you will see a garden.
He is crossing the road.
4.1.8 Not …until.直到，才。We cannot leave until your work is finished.
4.1.9 . Be Filled with被动语态；full of主动语态
5 八上Unit5
5.1.1 Be nice to善待
5.1.2 Take step to
5.1.3 A fear of；afraid of 害怕
5.1.4 Around the world环游世界
5.1.5 Be sure.确信。
Be sure of. Be sure about sth/doing.
Be sure to do sth. Be sure that.
5.1.6 Advice.
Give advice on sth； Give advice to sb.；take/follow one's advice
5.1.7 Opposite//
a)n. 对立面；反义词.good and bad is opposite.
b)opposite side 对边；相对面. on the opposite side of 在…对面
c)adj. 相反的；对面的；对立的。We have opposite views on this.
5.1.8 Play with fire。玩火
5.1.9 Wish you good luck 祝你好运
5.1.10 Sell well畅销。
5.1.11 So many那么多的；So much这么、非常，达到这种程度
5.1.12 run a business
5.1.13 Achieve a goal；Keep a goal.
5.1.14 Strict with sb/in sth
5.1.15 Punish sb for sth；punish sb by sth
5.1.16 No matter what
6 八上Unit 6
6.1.1 In the 年代s.在…年代。
6.1.2 Be born出生、形成。
He was born in Shijiazhuang. 生于…地点
He was born on 20,june,2001. 生于…时间
He was born of a worker’s family.出身于
6.1.3 Be able to can
通用，be able to更侧重于具备能力。
Can只有现在时(can)和过去式(could)，be able to有各种时态。
6.1.4 imagine// v
imagination//(n.想象，想象力；想象出来的事物)
VT. 想象；猜想；臆断 vi. 想象；猜想；想象起来
Imagine +dong/n. Can you imagine life without water?
imagine+sb+to be+adj.想象某人为… He imagine himself to be alone in a island
imagine+疑问词+从句/不定式. He imagines how can he get to the island.
6.1.5 Stay up (late).
熬夜，睡得很晚。同义词：break night / sit up late
6.1.6 Allow 及物动词，允许。
Allow sb to do sth/be allowed to do sth。We allow them to smoke here.我们允许他们在这吸烟。
Allow doing.they allow smoking here.他们允许（别人）在这吸烟

7 八上Unit7
7.1 词语辨析
7.1.1 mon(['kɒmən] adj.)和as usual
mon指普通平常的事物、现象；as usual像往常一样。
Apple is mon in my hometown.
As usual, he arrived early and started to work.
7.1.2 Exercise和exercises
exercise是概念词，泛指运动，不可数； exercises指具体的练习、体操、锻炼、习题，可数名词复数形式。
There are many exercises in the book.特定的练习题。
We should do eye exercises. 特定锻炼-眼保健操
Let us take exercise. 泛指锻炼。
7.1.3 Health n., healthy adj., healthily adv.
Adv. What I really want is to live healthily. 健康地。
Adj. Apple is a healthy food. 有益健康的。Exercising can keep you healthy.
n. You should go to have the doctor check on your health. 健康（情况）。
7.1.4 Living, alive, lively.
living ['lɪvɪŋ] adj. 活的；现存的；健在。强调健在。His grandfather is still living
lively ['laɪvlɪ] adj. 活泼的；生动的；真实的；Mary is a lively girl.
•alive [ə'laɪv]adj. 活着的；活泼的；有生气的。强调生与死的区别。He is dead, but his dog is alive
7.1.5 Outdoors；Outdoor.
Outdoor adj.户外的，露天的。Outdoors adv.在户外，在露天。n.户外，露天。
Adj. Children like outdoor activities.
Adv. I like to play outdoors.
7.1.6 Not only…but also
谓语动词就近一致。Not only you but also he likes collectiog stamps.
7.1.7 Be made of；Be made from.
Be mode of. 从产品可以看出原材料。The kite is made of paper.
Be made from. 从产品可以看出原材料。This wine is made from gripes.
7.1.8 Do with; deal with.
Do with侧重利用；deal with侧重处理的方式。
What did you do with this food yesterday? 昨天你是怎样处理这些食物的？
You should learn how to deal with your problem.你应该学习怎样处理你的问题。
7.1.9 Real 真实，与虚构相对;true 正确，与错误相对。
7.1.10 Win 赢得；beat 打败。
7.1.11 Used to do; be used to doing; be used to do.
Used to do.过去经常做某事，do用动词原形。例：He used to live in Shanghai.
Be used to doing.现在习惯做某事。例：He is used to eating an apple before going to bed.
Be used to do.被用来做某事。例：Wood is used to build house.
7.1.12 Instead; instead of.
Instead adv.相反地、代替地。例：Instead，he is interested in drawing.
Instead of.介词短语，代替，而不是。例：He likes go shopping instead of go fishing.
7.2 单词短语（Word & Phrase）
7.2.1 Turn
It is one’s turn to do sth. It is you turn to read the book.
其他：By turns；in turn；take turn.轮流，依次。
7.2.2 Take sth. out of.把东西从…拿出来。
7.2.3 Trade sth. With sb.与某人交换某物。
7.2.4 Proud [proud] adj. 自豪的；得意的；自负的.
Proud of sth. 为…自豪。My parents are proud of my suess.
Be proud to do sth. 为做某事而自豪。I am proud to have a friend like you.
Be proud that+ 从句。I am proud that I am a Chinese.
7.2.5 pride [praɪd] n.自豪；得意；自负. Take pride in.引以为豪。
She take pride in her son. <-->she is proud of her son.
7.2.6 On one’s own；Of one’s own.
On one’s own.独自,副词短语。He did the work on his own.
Of one’s own.属于自己的，介词短语。He has a room of his own.
7.2.7 Break. VT. 损坏。
Break into 闯进; break off;中断 break down出故障; Have a break. n.休息下.
7.2.8 Be filled with=be full of.充满
The room is full of people. The room id full of people.
7.2.9 Pay sb. a visit. =pay a visit to sb.
7.2.10 Go through.穿过。
7.2.11 Put …on its side. 把…沿着侧面放。
7.2.12 Take up.开始从事、占据、占用、拿起、承担。例：
They took up arms and fought for their faith。
The piano takes up too much space.
7.2.13 Confident//(adj.有自信的；确信的；a.有信心的，自信的)。
Be confident of.对…有信心。I’m confident of suess.我对成功有信心。
7.2.14 confidence //(n.信任，信心，自信 a.骗得信任的)
Have/lost conference in.对…有/失去信心。I have confidence in myself.
7.2.15 Parking lot.停车场。
7.2.16 Not …any more…（次数）不再（继续）。
He did not cry any more. 他哭了好几次，他不再哭了。
7.2.17 Daily ['deɪlɪ]
n. 日报；朝来夜去的女佣。adj. 日常的；每日的。adv. 日常地；每日；天天。
7.3 语法点
7.3.1 倒装句。Neither/so do I.
陈述句之后，倒装句形式表示某人同样是或者不是。
1）同样是。So+be/助动词/情态动词+主语。
Tom is good at swimming, So am I.
He likes music. So do I.
Tina can speak English. So can I.
2）同样不是。Neither/nor +be/助动词/情态动词+主语。
The boy has not been to Beijing. Neither have I.
3）当陈述句中谓语动词本身表否定时，倒装句为So+be/助动词/情态动词+主语，表示否定含义。
Tim dislikes apple. So do I.
4）So +主语+ be/助动词/情态动词+主语。表示的确如此。例：
He is a clever boy. So he is.
7.3.2 How/What引导的感叹句。
1）句式：
how+adj./adv.+主语+谓语+其他。
What +（修饰成分：冠词、形容词）+名词+主语+谓语+其他。
2）举例：
How cold the weather is! How faster he run!
What a lovely girl she is! What bad weather.不可数名词，不加冠词。
What friendly people they are！集合名词表复数，不加冠词。
7.3.3 冠词用法总结
8 八上Unit 8
8.1 词语辨析
8.1.1 Question; problem.
Problem，客观存在且难以解决的问题。Question,希望有回答。例：
The government is trying to solve the problem.
Can you answer the question?
8.1.2 Person; people;man.
Person、man表示可数单数含义；man有男人、人类的含义。people是集体名词表复数含义。
8.1.3 Aept//(v.接受，承认；同意);receive//(vt.受到，得到；v.收到，接到)
Aept，主观上接受、承认或赞同；receive，客观上1接受，主观上不一定接受。
E.g., she aepted the man’s ring.她接受了男子的戒指。（主观上愿意）。
I received the bad news just now.我刚刚收到了这个坏消息。客观情况，主观上不愿意听到。
8.1.4 Because (conj. 因为); because of (介词短语) 。
8.1.5 In class.在课堂上; in the class.在班级里。
8.1.6 Go to college.上大学；go to the college.到特定的某所大学去办事。
8.1.7 Take part in; join; join in.
1）Take part in、join in参加某个活动，有积极的态度；join加入某个组织，严肃。
Could I join in the game?
Would you take part in the English party?
I will never fet the day when I joined the Party.我永远也忘不了入党的那一天。
2）Join sb. in doing sth.和某人一起做某事。Join sb for 某个活动。
Would you like to join us in dancing?
Will you join us for dinner? 请你和我们一起吃饭好吗？

8.2 单词短语句式（word&phrase&sentence）
8.2.1 Strong points.优点，强项。
8.2.2 Weak points.缺点，弱项。
8.2.3 Seven and a half years. =Seven years and a half.
8.2.4 Lost//(adj.迷途的；丢失的；adj.丢失的；遗失的).
Lose the game. Lose to sb.反义词：win.
8.2.5 Continue//
1）Continue to do; continue doing.
continue to do 继续做另一件事情（已经完成一件工作）。
After he finished reading a novel, he continued to play games with his friends.
continue doing 继续做同一件事（还没完成）。
After a rest, he continues his reading.
类似的单词还有stop等.
8.2.6 Notice sb. Doing/do sth.
Notice sb. doing sth.正在做某事。Notice sb. do sth.做了某事。
类似的单词有see、feel等。E.g.
I felt the rain dropped on the roof last night.昨晚我感觉到雨点打在屋顶上。
I suddenly woke up,and felt the rain dropping on the roof.我突然惊醒，感觉到雨点正打在屋顶上。
I saw a man stealing something.我看到一个人正在偷东西。
I saw a man stole something.我看到一个人偷了东西。
8.2.7 Mistake//(n.错误，过失 vi.误解,弄错；(for)把..错认)
1）By mistake.错误地。副词短语。I take his pen by mistake.
2）make mistakes; make a mistake.犯错误。
There is a mistake in the sentence.
He often makes mistakes in writing English words.
3）stupid//(a.愚蠢的，笨的，迟钝的；)。It is stupid of you to do so.
8.2.8 Fail
1）没通过测试。
I failed English but passed math.我英语考试不及格，但数学考试及格了。
2）Fail to do sth.做某事失败。
He failed to work out the problem. 他没能算出这道题。
8.2.9 Be hard on.对..严厉，对…苛刻。
Do not be hard on him. He is very young.
8.2.10 Believe in.信任。
8.2.11 主语+be +adj.+enough to do sth.足够做某事。
He is old enough to go to school.
The room is big enough to live in.
You are foolish enough to believe in such a man.
8.2.12 practice//(n.练习；实践v.练习，实习，训练；从事)
1）Practice doing sth; Practice sth. v.练习某事。
I often practice speaking my English.
I often practice my English after school.
2）Practice sth. I
3）You need more practice. n.
4） Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
5）Practise//(vt.练习；实践).和practice通用。
8.3 语法专项：反身代词
第二编全册视角
1 不定代词
限定词：对名词短语的中心词起定量、不定量、定指、不定指等限制作用。
不定代词不指定特定对象。其中多数不定代词有名词性（主语、宾语）和限定词性（定语）两种用法，但复合不定代词（someone等）和none、one只有名词性用法，而no、every只有限定词性用法。
1.1 概述
1.1.1 不定代词的名词性用法和限定词性用法
名词性用法限定词性用法
复合不定代词√
Other；the other；another; neither；Each√√
both; all√√
Some; many; much√√
Others; the others√
None, one√
(a)little,(a)few√√
No, every√
1.1.2 不定代词的单复数含义
采用名词性用法时，不定代词有自己的单复数含义；采用限定词性用法时，被不定代词限定其中心词的名词性短语有自己整体的单复数含义。这两种单复数含义统称为不定代词的单复数含义。
不定代词单复数含义
名词性用法限定词性用法可数名词单数可数名词复数不可数名词
复合不定代词√
Others; the others √
None√√
One.(有疑问)√
Other；the other；another; neither； Each; every√
No√√√
Much; (a)little√
Some; √√
many; both; all; (a)few√
1.1.3 复合不定代词
OneBodything
everyeveryone每人everybody人人，大家everything每一个事物
someSomeone某人somebody某人something某事某物
anyanyone任何人anybody任何人anything任何事物
noNo one无一人nobody无人nothing无物
1.2 不定代词的名词性用法
1.2.1 表示可数名词单数含义
1）Other;The other.两个以内的环境中，一个人/物；另外的那个人/物。
Two dogs are playing in the garden, one is playing the football, and the other is playing the plants.
2）Another:三个以上的环境中，另一个人/物。
I do not like the jacket, please show me another.
3）Either:两个中的任何一个。
The two students are both good at study. Either will get high grade in this exam.
4）Neither:两个当中一个也不是。
Neither is correct.一个也不对。
Neither of the books is interesting.
5）None：没有人。
none 可指人也可指物，作主语时，如和 of 连用指不可数名词时，谓语动词要用单数形式；指可数名词时，谓语动词用单、复数均可。
None of us is(are) perfect; we all make mistakes.
6）Each：每一个。
Each of the houses is painted blue.
They each have a pen. Each作同位语，不影响主语单复数含义。
7）One. 只有名词性用法。
扩展：only one of.其中之一。The only one of.仅有的一个。
He is only one of the students who are never late.
He is the only one of the students who is never late.
1.2.2 表示可数名词复数含义
1）Both（两个，全部；反义词neither）, all（两个以上，全部,反义词，none）.
All are present at the meeting.大家都到会了。
All of his children are now grown up.
Both would have a try.两人都想试一试。
Both of the books are interesting.
2）Others; the others（三个以上环境中，一些人/物；剩余的全部人/物）。
There are many people, others are teachers and the others are students.
3）some（一些人/物，可数复数或不可数），many(很多人/物，可数)。
Some are teachers and others are students.一些的老师，有的是学生。
Many have cars in china.在中国很多人有汽车。
4）a few/few.修饰可数名词复数，a few,肯定，多；few,否定，少。
A few of the books are very difficult to understand.这些书中有一些难以读懂。
few of the books are very difficult to understand.这些书中有很少的基本难以读懂。
1.2.3 表示不可数名词含义
1）（a）little
Little was heard from him in the next few years.
I understood only a little of what he said.
2）Much
There is not much to do.
Did he eat much at lunch?
3）Some
The gripes are nice.do you want some.
I take some of the cake.
1.3 不定代词的限定词性用法
计有both;either;neither;all;every;each;any;some;any;many;much ;(a) few;(a)little等。其中,
1.3.1 表示可数名词单数含义：Either; neither; every; each.
1）Each; every.其后跟名词的单数形式。
Each student is very exciting.
I bought the girls each an ice cream. 同位语，不影响主(宾)语的单复数含义。
Every student is work hard in this class.
2）Either; neither
Neither boy is going there.
There are two books here; either book is very good.
1.3.2 表示可数名词复数含义: Both; all; many; a(few)，some.
1）举例
Both his legs are hurt.
All my friends like swimming.我的朋友全都喜欢游泳。
Do not worry. We still have a few minutes left. 我们还剩下几分钟。分钟可数。
Hurry up! We do not have few minutes to waste! 我们没几分钟可浪费了。
There are many apples.这有很多苹果。
There are two boys; both the boys are happy.
There are some books in the desk. 桌子上有一些书。
2）Some; any.
some用于肯定句，any用于否定句、疑问句。当说话的人希望得到肯定回答时，亦可用some代替any.
1.3.3 表示不可数名词含义：(a) Little; much; some.
1）举例
Do not worry. We still have a little time left. 我们还剩下几分钟。分钟可数。
Hurry up! We do not have little time to waste! 我们没几分钟可浪费了。
Much water is in the cup.杯子里有很多水。
Would you like some bear?
2）Much和many。Much修饰不可数名词，many修饰复数名词。

2 语法专题-冠词
2.1 冠词概述。
冠词是限定词的一种，自己不能单独使用，只能依附于一个名词帮助说明这个名词的含义。因此冠词也可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有三种形式：不定冠词a(an)，定冠词(the)和零冠词(即不使用冠词)。
不定冠词a和an：a和an都出现在单数名词前， a用在辅音前，读[ə]，如：a university student；an用在以元音前，读[ən]，如：an honest girl．
定冠词the:可以出现在单数名词、复数名词和不可数名词前，辅音前读 [ðə],如the car；元音前读[ðɪ]，如 the evening；
冠词用法每次中考都会出现，主要考查：(1)名词前的定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法；(2)固定搭配中的冠词用法；(3)a，an的用法区别；(4)序数词前、形容词最高级前、姓氏前使用定冠词也是近年来中考的常考内容。
2.2 基础知识梳理
2.2.1 不定冠词a／an的用法。
概述：不定冠词用来修饰单数可数名词，指人或物中的某一个或某一类，但不具体说明是何人何物。
如：A famous astronaut will give us a talk the week after next．
出现的位置：a用在以辅音音素(不是辅音字母)开头的单词前，如：a university student，a European country；an用在以元音音素(不是元音字母)开头的单词前，如：an honest girl，an underground train．
现将不定冠词的基本用法归纳如下：
1）用在单数名词前，表示某类人某类物，如：John is a student. 约翰是学生。
2）用在单数名词前，指某类人某类物中的任何一个。如：A steel worker makes steel.炼钢工人制造钢。
3）用在单数名词前，指某人某物。如：A young man wants to see you.有个年轻人想见你。
1）首次提到某人某物，起介绍作用。如：
Long long ago an old man lived in a small village．
2）表示“每一”的意思，常用于表示时间、速度的名词之前，相当于every。如：
Ten meters a second，twice a week. 每秒十米，一周两次。
3）一些固定短语中，要用不定冠词。如：
have a good time，in a hurry，have a break，for a while，a pair of，have a look，have a drink，with a smile，take an active part in．
2.2.2 定冠词the的用法
1）特指之前提到的人或物。如：
I have a dog and a cat．The dog is brown and the cat is yellow．
2）特指某人或某物。如：
The old man with thick glasses is their history teacher．
3）指谈话双方都知道的人或物。如：
Would you mind turning down the radio，Jim? Your father is sleeping．
4）用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：
The third truck is carrying the fewest apples of all．
5）在江河、海洋、山脉等地理名词前，以及由普通名词构成的具有专有的、独一无二含义的名词前。如：
the Nile，the Pacific Ocean，the Alps，the Oriental Pearl.
The moon is far smaller than the earth．
6）用于方位名词前。如：Shanghai is in the east of China．
7）用在乐器名称的前面。如：I practise the piano every day after school．
8）在某些形容词前加定冠词，表示一类人。如：
The sick and the old should be taken good care of.
9）用于姓氏复数形式之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇两人”。如：
The Wangs have worked in Pudong for almost ten years．
10）在某些固定短语中，需用定冠词。如：
In the morning，the day after tomorrow，listen to the radio，at the moment，go to the beach，by the way．
11）表示“…世纪…年代…”的结构前。如：He begin to lean drawing in the 1960s.
2.2.3 不用冠词的情况
1）在球类活动、学科名称前不用冠词。如：We have Chinese，maths，and English every day．
2）在节日、月份、四季、星期前不用冠词。如：June l is Children’s Day．It’s Saturday today．It’s late spring now．
3） 名词前已有其他限定成分时不用冠词。如：That handbag is in her car．I have several questions to ask．
4）在物质名词和抽象名词前一般不加冠词。如：Milk is white．(比较：The milk in the cup has gone bad．这里the表示特指。)
物质名词：是材料、食品、饮料以及固体、液体和气体的物质或化学元素名称。如:wood(木料), meat(肉), wine(酒), paper(纸), ink(墨水), gas(气体), water(水), oxygen(氧)等。
物质名词一般没有复数形式,不加冠词,只有特指时加the; 表示物质名词的数量时,前面需加piece(片,枝,块), sheet(张), cup(杯), bag(袋), bottle(瓶)等表示计量的名词。
抽象名词：主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词a，an。如：Health，help，history，independence，industry.
5）三餐名词前通常不用冠词，如：have supper，after breakfast，但三餐名词前如果有形容词修饰时，要用不定冠词，如：a big supper，a quick breakfast等。
6）在称呼、头衔、职位前不用冠词，特指除外。如：What can I do for you，sir.
7）在某些固定词组和习惯用语中不用冠词。如：by motorcycle／air／train，at night，in trouble, go to church，put into jail等。
2.2.4 在某些名词前用冠词或不用冠词，其意义有所不同。如：
go to church(去做礼拜) go to the church(到那座教堂去)
in class(在上课时) in the class(在班级中)
in charge of(负责) in the charge of(由……负责)
in hospital(生病住院) in the hospital(在医院里工作或参观)
at table(在吃饭) at the table(在桌子旁)
take place(发生) take the place(代替)
in front of(在……的前面) in the front of(在……前部)
keep house(管理家务) keep the house(呆在家里)
2.2.5 常见的冠词短语
have a good time，in a hurry，have a break，for a while，a pair of，have a look，have a drink，with a smile，take an active part in , in the morning，the day after tomorrow，listen to the radio，at the moment，go to the beach，by the way, a distance, in a distance, as a rule, in the sun, in the rain, in the same way, in the shade, in the day time, in the end, on the other hand, on the contrtary,make a face, do somebody a favour.
3 语法专题-系动词
3.1.1 概述
分类词汇用法
感觉 look, sound, smell, taste, feel.+adj.；
+ like+n./doing
状态变化Go, turn, bee, get, and e.+adj.；
+ n./doing
状态持续Keep, stay, remain.+adj.；
+ n./doing
主观判断seem, appear, turn out, prove, happen+ (to be)+ adj. / n.
+to do sty.此时不定式是名词性短语，充当表语。

3.2 表状态变化的系动词：Go，turn ，bee， get， e.
3.2.1 bee 和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化。
Bee（get） angry/famous/fat/ill/old/well/deaf/strong, etc. 生气，成名，发胖，得病，变老，痊愈，变聋，变强等。
另外，bee 和 get 还可用于指天气的变化和社会的趋势。例：
It is being （getting） cold/dark,/cloudy/etc. 天渐冷了(黑了，多云了等)。
Divorce is being（getting） more mon. 离婚现象越来越常见了。
3.2.2 grow 主要表示逐渐变化，强调变化的过程。例：
It began to grow dark. 天色渐渐黑了。
The sea is growing calm. 大海变得平静起来。
The pollution problem is growing serious. 污染问题日见严峻。
My mother grows old when I grow up.我渐渐长大，妈妈渐渐变老。
3.2.3 go 和e.前者主要指一种由强到弱或由好到坏的变化，后者则主要指向好的方面变化。例：
The radio has gone wrong. 收音机出毛病了。
Her wish came true. 她的愿望实现了。
3.2.4 go, turn.
1）二者含义大致相同。
表示颜色变化： Leaves go／turn brown in autumn．
表示性质变化： Machines go/turn wrong.机器出毛病 。The drink goes/turns bad.
2）二者的区别：Turn正式，go口语化；性质、性格、职业、信仰等方面的大变化用turn.例：
The frog turns into a boy. He turns into a bad man.
He worked in a bank for thirty years before turning painter
3.3 表示感觉的系动词：Look， sound ，taste， smell， feel.
1）句型一：v +adj. 例：The music sound very beautiful.
2）句型二：v+ like+n/doing. 例：That sound like a good idea.
3.4 表示不确定判断的系动词 appear， seem.
例：It seems to be a good idea.
3.5 表状态延续的系动词：Keep，stay，remain.
常见短语句型如下：
Stay healthy（形容词）, stay quiet，stay in touch with(介词)
Keep+ sb. /sth.+ Adj/adv. 保持某人某物为某种状态。
Keep doing sth一直做某事。

4 语法专题-不定式
4.1 概念
动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词。根据是否被主语限制（有人称和数的变化），分为限定动词（finite//(a.有限的；(动词)限定式的) verb）和非限定动词（nonfinite verb）两大类。
非限定动词有动词不定式（infinitive//(n.动词的不定式)）、动名词和分词三种，在句子中不能单独做谓语动词，所以不能被主语限定，没有人称和数的变化。
动词不定式是一种非限定动词，有不定时符号to加动词原形构成。它具有动词特征，同时也名词、形容词和副词的特征。
非谓语动词短语一般由非谓语动词和各种补足语和状语组成，也可仅由非谓语动词组成，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表（补足）语。
4.2 用法
4.2.1 不带to的情况
1)在see、feel、hear、watch、observe、listen to，look 等感官动词/词组后，做宾语补足语时，不带to。例：
See sb do sth. hear sb do sth.
2)在make、let、go之后，习惯不用to。
4.2.2 充当主语
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
4.2.3 充当宾语
Lean to walk before you run.
We decided to make change in our plan.
He is sure to sueed.形容词宾语。
I am afraid to sleep alone.
这样的形容词有：glad、ready、sorry、afraid、pleased、willing、eager等。
4.2.4 充当定语
He is always the first one to get up.
I have a few words to say on/about this question
4.2.5 充当状语
He went to Beijing to study in 1988. 目的状语。
A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had changed greatly.结果状语。
4.2.6 充当补(表)语
His wish is to bee an doctor.
5 语法专题-从句
复合句由一个主句和一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子主体，从句为句子的一个句子成分，不能独立。从句结构为：关联词+主语部分+谓语部分。
5.1 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句
Who did the work is unknown. 主语从句。
That he will e to the discussion is certain.主语从句。
My option is that he will not agree.表语（补语）从句。
That is why she is so happy. 表语（补语）从句。
I want to know if you are studying guitar. 宾语从句。
Do you know when the meeting starts? 宾语从句。
5.2 定语从句
This is the building that they built last year.
Children go to the baby-room, where they are well looked after.
They always e on these days when I am busy.
5.3 状语从句
5.4 时态的一致
某些从句（主要是宾语从句）中的谓语动词的时态，常常受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，这叫做时态的一致。
1.主句中谓语动词为现在或将来时态时，从句中的谓语动词可以使用任何需要的时态。例：
He says his father is (was, will be) a engineer.
2.主句中谓语动词为过去时态时，分三种情况：
1)从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作和主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句用过去一般时或过去进行时态。例：
He told me he was ill.
She said her brother was reading a book at the moment.
2)从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作在主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，从句用过去完成时态。例：
He said he had posted the letter.他说他已经把信寄走了。
3)从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作在主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，从句用过去将来时态。例：
He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school.

6 人体动作类单词
6.1 说 speak talk tell say
speak的意思是“说话”，作不及物动词，通常指说话的能力和方式，也有“演讲，发言”之意；作及物动词时，其后宾语多是表示语言的名词。speak to常表示“同……说话”。
Do you speak English？你会说英语吗？ She is speaking to the shop assistant．她正在同售货员说话。
Say 意思是“说”，强调说话内容。例如：
"What are you saying?" “你在说什么？” Please say it in English. 请用英语说。
Talk 意思是“谈”， 例如： May I talk to you? 我可以和你谈一谈吗？ Xiao Li is talking with her teacher. 小李正和她的老师谈话呢。 What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么呢？
Tell 的意思是“讲”、“告诉”，作及物动词，意为“讲述”、“告诉”。Tell sb sth；Tell sth to sb. 例如：
Please tell us the good news. 请告诉我们好消息。 I have something to tell you. 我有事要告你。 Do you have anything to tell us? 你有什么事要告诉我们吗？
6.2 看 watch look see read
Watch 目不转睛的看，活动的画面。Read 看有文字的东西。
Look 不及物动词。Look at。强调看的动作。
See 看到，及物动词，强调看到的结果。和look类似。
Look
look for 强调过程；强调结果find。Look up查阅;look through 浏览。
Watch
Watch sb do/doing sth. Watch sb do sth强调看到事情的整个过程，而doing强调看到事情正在发生。
She is watching the kids playing football.
I often watch her paly football
6.3 听 listen hear
6.4 问 ask
Ask sb to do sth 要求某人做某事。Ask sb about sth 问某人某事。
Ask for 请求。 Ask sb for sth 向某人要某物

6.5 Fear
6.6 Like Love
6.7 Alone；lonely
Alone(adj；adv) 数量上孤单，做表语、宾补、状语；lonely (adj)情感上孤单，做表语或定语。例：The old man is alone, but he never fells lonely
7 词语辨析
7.1 Sometimes; sometime; some times, sometime.
SometimesSome timesSometimeSome time
有时几倍某时一段时间
Sometimes we eat noodles. I will go to shop sometime.
I have read the book some times. I will go to Beijing for some time
7.2 Someday（将来某天）,one day（之前某天）,the other day(前几天)
7.3 In the future；In future.
In future:从今往后一直到死。 In the future:从今天起的一段时间之内。
7.4 穿 Dress(VT，动态，宾语为人)；Put on(VT，动态，宾语为衣服)；wear（VT,穿着，静态，VT）；in（prep, 静态，穿着）
Mary is dressing her doll. Would you put it on, please?
The man whom I served was wearing a hat. She must appear in a bright red dress
7.5 Spend（钱，时间）;pay（钱）;take（时间）;cost（钱）。
spendpaytakecost
钱；时间钱、时间钱时间钱
主语人人It；物物
7.6 Hope; wish
Hope；； wish；；
名词希望、信心（无祝愿祝福，可见，祝愿本身是很难实现的。)心愿、祝福（很难实现）、希望
VT1)希望，期望。(hope用作动词时，后面可接不定式或that从句，但不能接“宾语+不定式”。
2)引导that 从句时，表达可以实现的愿望。1)可以接“宾语+不定式”。
2)引导that 从句时，表达很难实现的愿望。
We hope to see you again.
I hope (that) you can help me with my maths.

I wish to place an order right now.
I wish him to make progress.
I wish (that) I could fly like a bird.
I wish you happy.
VIhope +prep+Wish + prep+
7.7 Before, ago
ago表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”，before泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”。
7.8 Bring(取来)，take（带走）,get；fetch（去取来）,carry（携带）。
7.9 However,but.
however要和句子的其他部分用逗号分开，but不用。
7.10 Finally; at last; in the end
1）Sick (adj., 恶心的) ill（adj.，邪恶的）.
a)“有病的”， sick可做表语或定语，ill只能做定语。The sick dog is mine. My cat is sick/ill。
b)Sick 有“恶心的、厌倦的”意思。The smell makes me sick.这气味使我感到恶心。
c)ill 有“坏的；邪恶的”意思。He is an ill man. 他是一个邪恶的人。
d)扩展：常见的短语：
2）sick of 对…厌恶；get sick 生病；患病（n）。sick and tired of 对…十分厌倦。
3）fell ill 生病（n）。Ill health 不健康。ill with 患有某病；有病（vi）。
7.11 Fix mend repair. Mend 修补；fix=repair。Repair大件东西
7.12 Post；mail；send邮寄
7.13 Get；arrive；meet.
Get to(口语)+地点；arrive(VI)+in+大地点； arrive(VI)+at+小地点；meet(VT) +地点。
7.14 Wise；clever；bright.
Wise ；；adj. 智慧的、博学的、明智的。
Clever ；；adj. 聪明的、机灵的、熟练的。 用于小孩书面。
Bright ；；adj. 聪明的、明快的。 用于小孩口语。
7.15 出行方式 take by on in
Take+(限定词)+单数交通工具。 Take a bus
By +单数交通工具。By bus.
In/on +限定词+单数交通工具 in my car.
On foot
8 重要的副词辨析
8.1 比较级前的修饰语（副词词性）
两多两少两甚至一个远远
Much
A lotA little
A bitEven
stillfar
Not a little=very, not a bit一点也不。
8.2 almost,nearly几乎
Almost程度更大。Almost可以和no连用，Nearly不可以。
The poor man has almost no money.
8.3 Whole;all 全部的、整个。
①词序不同。All + 限定词+名词。限定词+whole+有整体意义的单数名词。例：
all the money； My whole life
②若复数可数名词前有具体的数量词， 可用whole 。 例：three whole days ； All three days.
8.4 频度副词all the time，always；usually ;often；sometimes；Never .
频繁度：All the time>always (90%)> usually>often>sometimes>never (0%).
All the time.一直以来都是如此，没有间断过。
Always. 总是间断性的反复发生，说话者有不满的意思。反义词never.
Always doing sth.总是做某事。

9 英语常用语
9.1 不客气
9.1.1 You are wele
9.1.2 It’s my pleasure.
9.1.3 That’s all right.
9.1.4 Not at all.
9.1.5 That’s ok.