钢琴(Piano)

详细内容

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theancestryofthepianocanbetracedtotheearlykeyboardinstrumentsofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies---thespi,thedulcimer,andthevirginal.intheseventeenthcenturythean,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury.theclavichord'stonewasmetallicandneverpowerful;nevertheless,becauseofthevarietyoftonepossibletoit,manyposersfoundtheclavichordasympatheticinstrumentforintimatechambermusic.theharpsichordwithitsbright,vigoroustonewasthefavoriteinstrumentforsupportingthebassofthesmallorchestraoftheperiodandforconcertuse,butthecharacterofthetonecouldnotbevariedsavebymechanicalorstructuraldevices.

thepianowasperfectedintheearlyeighteenthcenturybyaharpsichordmakerinitaly(thoughmusicologistspointoutseveralpreviousinstancesoftheinstrument).thisinstrumentwascalledapianoeforte(sortandloud),toindicateitsdynamicversatility;itsstringswerestruckbyarecoilinghammerwithafelt-paddedhead.thewiresweremuchheavierintheearlierinstruments.

aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenieenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtooasharp,percussivebrilliance.

note:

musicalinstruments

1.thestrings(弦乐)

1)plectrum:harp,lute,guitar,mandolin;

2)keyboard:clavichord,harpsichord,piano;

3)bow:violin,viola,cello,doublebass.

2.thewood(木管)-winds:piolo,flute,oboe,clari,bassoon,englishhorn;

3.thebrass(铜管):frenchhorn,trumpet,trombone,cor,tuba,bugle,saxophone;

4.thepercussion(打击组):kettledrum,bassdrum,snaredrum,casta,xylophone,celesta,cymbal,tambourine.